How Child Labor Affects a Child in the Philippines Essay

According to NSO Survey, in the year 2011 the population of child labor grew up to 3 million compared in the year 2001 that has 2.4 million population of child labor. 25% of the population are doing hazardous jobs that can harm them. Many laws had been passed but the population of child labor still increases. Child labor refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, their ability to attend regular classes, and totally dangerous for them. In the developing countries like in the Philippines with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labor is still present. Vast majority of child labor is found in the rural places and an unreached help of the government. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labor. For better information, the researcher includes the history and the effects of the topic. Its history can be traced in some dark realms of industrialization but in a more detailed study, the practice can reveal that child labor was present, much before industrialization spread out. Unfortunately, they work at a lower pay. The effects of child labor are definitely unimaginable for such a young age. Child labor deprives the child’s proper childhood. Their time of childhood days was now taken by their jobs. It also suffers their physical and mental mind that makes them tortured. They are forced to feed their family and it gives them such a hard responsibility to handle out. This leads to another new generation because of adult modeling. The parents must be aware of the rights of their children to be dresses, to be fed, and to attend in school to have a better future.

Lack of Flexibility with Employees Essay

One of the main reasons that the company William Beckett & Co needs to have a flexible work force is a factor that we have already spoken about which is the increase of work for the company that has happened in the last few years, which has created a few problems for them in most parts of the business. The other major factor that requires the company to have a flexible works force is the job rotation strategy that I have also mentioned earlier. This can only work if the employees themselves have the skills and abilities to actually perform this different jobs otherwise the whole thing will break down. If the employees don’t have the right skills and abilities then the process is pointless and costly to the company as the workers would be very ineffective to produce the same standard of work that the other employees produce as they have been trained to do this. â€Å"Although many view employee training as a necessary evil and expense that must be tolerated, a well designed training program pays for itself and increases the bottom line. Such a program teaches new employees to â€Å"do it right the first time,† thus minimizing down time, equipment damage, and personal injury while maximizing productivity and profits† http://pages.prodigy. net/pblair/ttthome. htm (technical training tips) To help control the increasing level of work that the company has, they would need a flexible workforce who could move around to different areas in the company to help out with the work in order to create some stability of the work that is coming in and the work that is being completed. This would allow the company to deal with the influx of work, help the productivity of the company and even help with the motivation of the employees, whilst maintaining the impressive level of sales. As the company is over run with business, they are in need of more staff to handle the amount of work which they are generating. So the director employees a new sales administrator to help with the situation. The problem is that the person he has employed is a friend of his so he has had no formal interview or application. After a while the man redefines his own job to sales representative as he is more experienced at doing this job as he knows more about this side of the company than the administration side. The director had employed his friend to do a job he is not really qualified or able to do. I believe that the company needs to set up a human resource department which would be able to deal with the recruitment of new employees for the company. The problems with recruiting employees who are not able to do the job are that the will not be able to complete jobs on time or to a high standard of quality, which also means that productivity will be affect and the employee himself will be unhappy as he isn’t able to perform the duties in his job specification. Once the HR department is setup the managers will be able to move some of their tasks over to them like recruitment, appraisals, motivational and training. As the directors are struggling to do this now the only solution would be to set up the Hr department as soon as possible. The training needs are needed throughout the company, this is due to the fact that the company has grown rapidly and the fact that the company has invested in a new range of technologies to keep them up to date with their competitors and the changes in the market. I have identified certain areas that need improving with the management which are leadership training, interpersonal relationships need to be worked on and they also need to be able to delegate tasks and responsibility. â€Å"The interpersonal skills when the one to one trainer has to exercise are described by Megginson and Boydell (1979) as being similar to those required by the skilful counsellor† page 229 of the theory and practice of training, 4th edition by Roger Buckley and Jim Caple. The results of this should be an increase in productivity and an improvement in sales. They could also develop their own internal learning programme as they don’t have a lot of time to send them away from the company for a long time as they are so busy. The lower level staff need new training as they will not be able to work effectively enough with the new technologies as they will not be familiar with it compared to the old equipment they were familiar with. The areas that they will need to be trained on are their team working abilities, stress and pressure courses, good communication and motivation skills and theories. This should help the employees to work together as a team which will help morale and productivity as a team that are working together and are happy will be a great asset to the company.

Marketing plan (simple example) Essay

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This marketing plan consists of the whole planning for launching our new product which is Safi For Men. Safi For Men concern of the men consumers who really care about their appearance or well known as metrosexual guys. In this marketing plan, we provide the information included the company description, strategic focus and plan, SWOT analysis, industry analysis, competitor analysis, consumer analysis, product-market focus, marketing program as well as marketing budget planning. In the end of this marketing plan, we provide a few pictures of our new products as the appendices. 2.0 COMPANY DESCRIPTION Safi was founded in 2011 started to lead the Halal brand which consists of a unique and comprehensive range of skincare, personal care and toiletry products developed exclusively to meet the needs of modern Muslim women and men. Made with the finest natural ingredients that conform to Syarak requirements and certified HALAL by a stringent independent body – JABATAN KEMAJUAN ISLAM MALAYSIA (JAKIM), SAFI is firmly steeped in Muslims traditions with products that are alcohol and gluten-free. Safi is manufactured in ISO and â€Å"Good Manufacturing Practice† (GMP) certified production facilities. Safi endeavours to provide the best quality products to meet the growing needs of our consumers. To ensure product quality, consistency and flexibility of supply, Safi are manufactured 100% in factories located in Malaysia. All Safi’s products conform to international standards, including Federal Drug Authority (FDA), European Economic Community (EEC)/COLIPA, the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), Cosmetics, Toiletries & Fragrance Association (CTFA). Safi had succeeded in marketing their products include skin care and personal care such as toothpaste and fragrance. The latest one is Safi Shayla which targeted to female consumer who are wearing scarves. 3.0 STRATEGIC FOCUS AND PLAN 3.1 – MISSION A leading brand of Wipro Unza (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. No. 1 Halal Brand in Malaysia Specific focus on the Malay/Muslim consumers 3.2 – GOALS Long Term To be the leading halal skin care product in Malaysia To be the best halal skin care product To further penetrate halal skin care product both in local and global term Short Term To strengthen and enhance brand identity as well as brand awareness to achieve brand loyalty among customers ï‚ · To utilize every possible medium of mass media in advertising activities to reach awide range of audience ï‚ · To exceed sales expectation and sustain a greater growth yearly 3.3 – CORE COMPETENCY AND SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The strategy for Safi is appeal to a target group who are looking for Halal personalcare products, and give them the best their money can buy in terms of an overall brand experience. Safi also is the market leader in Halal personal care market who’s targeting of Malay/Muslim consumer. Therefore, it depends to Safi to set the benchmark of innovation and market expansion. 4.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS 4.1 – SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH The first halal skin product in Malaysia 100% natural ingredients Affordable WEAKNESSES Small capital compared to the competitors Less consumer awareness and consumer adoption towards other products such as personal care (shampoo, deodorant and toothpaste) OPPORTUNITIES Emerging market in Halal cosmetics High growth market Beauty concern lifestyle THREATS A lot of competitors who offered almost the same function for each product The competitor’s price which is too high compare to Safi’s products which lead to perceived quality and product comparison 4.2 – INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: TRENDS IN SKIN CARE AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS IN MALE MARKET According to Barker (2013), the worldwide skin care market grew from $1577.8 million in 2007 to 2737.4 million in 2012. The market is being driven by consumers in the Asia-Pacific region, which accounted as much as $1623. 1 million in 2012. Overall the industry has more than double in size since 2007. This gives the opportunity to Safi in to enter the men’s market. Tyrimou (2014) report that the sun care collection has an average growth of 15% over past five years. This will give opportunities to Safi in producing products for sun care since the average growth is quite high for the past five years. According to Sarah (2009), the vitamins in camel’s milk is higher compare to goat milks. In contrast, goat’s milk contains higher calcium in its component. Therefore, Safi take this opportunity to enter the market by producing skin care for male consumers by offering the camel’s milk based skin care products. 4.3 – COMPETITORS IN THE INDUSTRY 4.3.1 Garnier Garnier is a mass market cosmetics brand of L’Orà ©al that produces hair care and skin care products. The company started as Laboratoires Garnier in 1904, and was acquired by L’Orà ©al in the 1970s. Current product lines include Fructis shampoos and conditioners, and Nutrisse hair colour. Garnier is sold in numerous countries worldwide, with specific product lines targeted for different skin types and cultures. In 2011, Garnier partnered with TerraCycle to promote up-cycling of product containers and the introduction of biodegradable products. Market Share: 26% Strength: Wide range of product brand Product Range: UltraLift Pro, Retinol, Pure Active, Vital Restore and others Price: RM6.00 – RM20.00 Unit of sales: Per bottles Positioning: Garnier offers a wide range of product for skin care customers Advertising Campaign: Television commercials and promotions 4.3.2 Clean & Clear Clean & Clear is a line of dermatology products owned by Johnson & Johnson. The brand was originally developed by Revlon as a line of sensitive skin personal care items in 1957. The â€Å"Clean & Clear† name was based on products that contained no fragrance or dyes, and left no residue after rinsing. In 1991, Revlon sold Clean & Clear to Johnson & Johnson. Their primary focus is on skincare for young women, but has extended their range to include products treating a wider range of conditions, recently launching a line of products â€Å"SOFT† focused on facial moisturizing. Clean & Clear is currently available in 46 countries. Market Share: 8% Strength: Wide range of product brand Product Range: Deep Action, Active Clear, Clear Fairness and others Price: RM6.00 – RM20.00 Unit of sales: Per bottles Positioning: Clean & Clear offers a wide range of product, especially for young adults Advertising Campaign: Television commercials and promotions 4.3.3 L’Oreal The L’Oreal Group is the world’s largest cosmetics and beauty company. With its registered office in Paris and head office in the Paris suburb of Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine,France, it has developed activities in the field of cosmetics. Concentrating on hair colour, skin care, sun protection, make-up, perfumes and hair care,the company is active in the dermatological, tissue engineering and pharmaceutical fields and is the top nanotechnology patent-holder in the United States. Market Share: 19% Strength: Wide range of product brand Product Range: L’Oreal Paris, L’Oreal Luxe and others Price: RM6.00 – RM20.00 Unit of sales: Per bottles Positioning: L’Oreal offers a wide range of product for female consumers Advertising Campaign: Television commercials and promotions 4.4 – CUSTOMER ANALYSIS According to Bryant (2013), more men are participating in a skin care regime. A new report on the male grooming sector from Mintel reveals that some 58% of men aged 18-24 and 63% of those 25-34 report that they use a facial moisturizing product. This is in stark contrast to the 32% of those aged 55-64 and 29% of men over 65 from other age demographics claiming to do the same thing. When it comes to personal care products, men are nothing if they’re not loyal. More than half of all men (52%) say they tend to stick to the same brands of toiletries and grooming products. In addition, 34% of men like to smell their personal care products before buying them and 20% favour 2-in-1 products to save time. Multi functionality and proof of high efficacy should be key, as these would tend to be the main characteristics that men expect from a product (Euromonitor, 2012). In another study shows that, in terms of product offerings, many companies are moving beyond basic skin care and shaving with products segmented by skin type, such as sensitive skin, anti-acne and anti aging (Kanlian, 2006). Euromonitor (2012) report that one common factor that defines category dynamics, however, is the fact that men, either urged by employment instability or greater media impetus or another, are finding the activity of looking after their appearance and adopting a beauty routine ever more appealing. This has coincided with the release of numerous new products at different price points, from male-targeted shampoos, to men’s specific eye treatments and even Blemish Balm creams and concealers, inspired from the female market. 5.0 PRODUCT-MARKET FOCUS 5.1 – Marketing and Product Objectives Our marketing objective is to successfully reach men consumer who is really concerned about their appearance or well known as metrosexual. Therefore, we applied marketing strategies as much as we can in order to achieve our objectives. Our strategies are as follows: Advertising through media such as television and radio. Advertising through website and social network such as create a page in Facebook and through Instagram. Hire Izzue Islam as the ambassador for our Safi For Men. Offer with low price at the beginning and later will increase the price as well as the demand is increasing. Bundle promotion such as buy Safi For Men, get a free Shick razor. On the other hand, our product objective is to close the gap exist between products offered to the market. By entering to male market in skin care segmentation, plus a new product development which is camel’s milk based products, we are hoping to increase our sales and larger market coverage as the Halal products offered. Safi For Men offered products that can handle such oily face, whitening, moisturizing as well as acne problem. 5.2 – Target Market Our target market is men consumer ages between 18 to 35 years old. As the best study shows that men who are concerned more about their appearance are those who are between this age. 5.3 – Customer Value Proposition Halal products for those who are concern of using halal products. 5.4 – Point of Difference Our new products, Safi For Men is a totally new product development, whereas we are using camel’s milk as the based for this product offered. Camel’s milk provides Vitamin A, B and E which is good for skin care. 6.0 MARKETING PROGRAM 6.1 – Product Strategy Product line Safi For Men offered camel’s milk based products in the form of solid soap, and facial wash 2-in-1 which is facial wash+toner. Unique Product Quality Camel’s milk provides Vitamin A, B, C, and E. Research shows that camel’s milk contains more vitamin A and E compared to cow’s milk. Vitamin A is an effective treatment towards the skin problem such as acne and psoriasis. Vitamin B provide warmth and circulates the skin and promote the immune function of the tissues which is something tired or overwhelmed skin finds difficult to maintain. Vitamin C can whiten the skin and protect from Ultra Violet rays. Meanwhile, Vitamin E provides hydrates skin, leaving it smooth and moisturized. 6.2 – Price Strategy For 40g products may costs around RM 15.00. The price might be higher than other facial wash in an existing market, but there is a significant difference in term of the effectiveness and the cost of manufacturing is a little bit higher due to import camels’ milk from foreign countries, such as Egypt. 6.3 – Promotion Strategy For ambassador, we are hiring local actor Izzue Islam. The reason is he owns the fair skin and we found that by using celebrities, it is much easier to  reach consumers. The significant advantage is whenever we are organizing events to reach the consumers; the involvement of them is relatively high. Other than that, we are using Cents-Off Coupons which customers can get for every RM 50.00 and above in a single receipt. This will attract them to make a purchase. 6.4 – Distribution Strategy SAFI distributed the products to the hypermarket and all convenient stores such as Giant, Tesco and Mydin. Other than that, consumers may also buy through online such as priceme.com. REFERENCES Barker, C. (2013). Euromonitor Analyst Identifies Key Male Skin Care Trends retrieved from http://www.cosmeticsdesign-asia.com Bryant, S. (2013). More Men Adopting Skin Care Habits retrieved from http://www.ad-ology.com Euromonitor International (2012). Men’s Changing Beauty Habits retrieved from http://blog.euromonitor.com Kanlian, S. (2006). Courting The Male Consumer retrieved from http://www.beautypackaging.com/ Sarah, M. (2009). Comparison of Camel, Cow, Goat and Buffalo Milk retrieved from http://www.sarahmelamed.com Tyrimou, N. (2014). Beauty Innovation Round-Up April 2014 retrieved from http://www.portal.euromonitor.com

The role of knowledge in operation management in general Essay

The role of knowledge in operation management in general - Essay Example Knowledge is viewed as the most imperative resource in any organization that wishes to prosper. Management of the resource is hence viewed as a discipline used for identifying, collecting, organizing, storage, and use of knowledge. Currently, companies operate in a highly competitive environment and hence there are more factors that lead to enterprise success. Previously, a company’s success was determined by investment of capital, size, and ability of labor, and availability of raw materials. However, an organization’s level of knowledge innovation from managers is a foremost influence of success and proper management. Knowledge management has been on the fore front during this new era where organizations run in a competitive market. Operation management traditionally used is not an appropriate strategy as a result of the rise in global competition. Knowledge in operation management helps in managing information, expertise, and knowledge through the operation management process. There are also knowledge management systems that assist managers in making better informed resolution (Waltz, 2003). Over the years, there has been a need to capture and distribute knowledge in organizations, and protect it like any other important asset. Operation managers should help in the process of leveraging knowledge chattels and information resources. They are also responsible for overseeing knowledge assets from acquisition to application, by use of controlled methods. Knowledge in an organization is embedded and passed using a number of aspects counting policies, traditions and identity, system, routines, document, and individual employees’ organizations (Dwivedi, Butcher, 2009). Knowledge in operations management is built by use of human resources, structural resources, technical resources and cultural resources. Combined they assist in proper use of

Summarize employment, labor, and anti-discrimination law Essay - 1

Summarize employment, labor, and anti-discrimination law - Essay Example in regard to the general employees. This Act establishes the least wage, overtime pay, child-labor principles, and recordkeeping factors that affect both the part-time and full-time workers. The Act comprises of workers in federal, local governments, private sector, and the state (Thompson, 2012). In the United States, the department of labor enforces and administers this Act while at the same time focusing on the employees in the private sector, federal employees, Tennessee Valley Authority and the United States Postal Services among others. The Fair Labor Standards Act is enforced by the United States Congress for legislative employees and the United States Office of Personnel Management for employees in the executive branch. There are other federal laws interconnected with the Fair Labor Standards Act. They include the Equal Pay Act (EPA), civil rights act, Age Discrimination Employment Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, and the Rehabilitation Act. In the United States, all these acts are enforced by a board known as the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Furthermore, this commission also provides a coordination standard for the federal laws, practices, and regulations. According to this context, the worker is a nonexempt worker at an elegant paper mill company. The Federal Labor Standards Act states that every worker should receive a minimum wage of up to $7.25 per hour of overpay (Thompson, 2012). The nonexempt workers must be paid for any overtime work at a rate of more than one and one and half times their rates of pay, especially after 40 hours of work in a week. In this circumstance, the employee worked for four consecutive weeks. The working hours totaled to forty-five, forty-two, thirty-nine, and thirty-one hours respectively. Therefore, this employee worked for eight hours of overtime pay during the four week period (U.S

CANNIBALISM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CANNIBALISM - Essay Example In two fascinating articles on the subject, Billman, et al, and Dongoske, et al, explore these questions. In Billman's article, the archaeologists explored a site in Colorado, dating from about one thousand years ago. The authors describe the sites in detail and provide maps. A number of items were uncovered including tools. But the main discoveries are a number of disarticulated human bones consistent with the practice of cannibalization. A human coprolite also suggested that the people at the site had been consuming human flesh. The authors are careful to distinguish between different types of cannibalism. They carefully describe both: [I]n situ floor deposit sites and secondary deposit sites, might represent victim and perpetrator communities. At victim sites, villagers were killed, processed, and probably at least partially consumed. At perpetrator sites, captives and body parts would have been brought back, consumed, and then disposed of in a manner similar to routine food refus e. If in situ deposit sites and secondary deposit sites do represent victim and perpetrator sites, then high ratio of victim to perpetrator sites (8 to 1) in the Mesa Verde region suggests that cannibalism never became a multigenerational and institutionalized practice (Billman, et al, 2000).

The Green Revolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Green Revolution - Assignment Example During winter, I could specialize in wearing warm clothes instead of depending on heaters. I could resolve to using only the type of entertainment systems I am interested in at a particular time for example either a music system, radio or television. In addition, I could set the temperature of my water heater so that water cannot be heated to more than 120 iF. The California Energy Commission (2004) describes energy efficiency as doing the same job but using less energy. In this case, I could change my cooking methods for example using a crock pot or microwave and preparing several portions at once that will be packed separately and frozen for later use. I could also avoid making many dishes for one meal. Instead, I could make one-dish meals. Instead of using a drier to dry utensils, I could allow them to dry in the utensil. I could invest in energy efficient appliances for example shifting from using incandescent bulbs into using compact fluorescent lights (CFLs). If my heating coal supply came from Russia prices of electricity will change. According to Rosner (2009), the US produces more coal than Russia. This means it is cheaper to use this coal produced in the US than to import it from Russia. Importing coal will mean higher costs of production hence higher prices for electricity. One environmental law that is currently under debate before a state government is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, EBPC Act, 1999. This is the main piece of legislation on the environment in Australia. It provided the Australian government with powers to regulate significant matters of biodiversity conservation and national environment. I support the reformation of this law because it will increase the effectiveness of the government in modern Australia. According to the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2011), the reform will make environmental conservation the foundation of

Cross Cultural Management as a Form of a Business Environment Term Paper

Cross Cultural Management as a Form of a Business Environment - Term Paper Example In the current years, there has been a vast increase in globalization and this has created responsiveness of the necessity for managers to be responsive to the cultural aspects of decision- making. Even though these cross-cultural differences are a way of helping embrace the diverse notions from different places they also act as a downfall for many mergers in business (Lane 67). The mergers and acquisitions activity as an aspect of business strategy in finance and management that deals with the integration of different businesses and comparable entities that can be of help to a corporation to develop its sector or location, without the creation of any subsidiary (Tjosvold 56). The corporate that is more sensitive to cultural differences in any of the cross-cultural environments are in a better form and well equipped to make better decisions. The managers who are well familiarized with cross-cultural management techniques enable smoother workplace relationships. In current years, there has been a rapid increase in globalization and diversity in the workplace and due to this cross-cultural management has become an extremely vital part of the organizational life. The many human races come with different backgrounds. This clearly states the way of doing things in one culture may not be the same way that things are done in the other cultures; also whatever is regarded as good in another culture may be disadvantageous in another (Lane 77). With all the many cultures that exist in the world, the question that arises is how many adaptations are needed for effective international business relationships. With the different use of time by the two mergers, there can be an introduction to cyclic time which shall encourage a certain degree of synchronization of schedules and targets. Employees can begin understanding other people’s cultures and also trying to learn foreign tongues and cultivating empathy with the views of others (Lewis 113) The human resource in the cross-cultural companies should be well  experienced with multinational relations so that they can be capable of choosing the right people for each of the departments.  

Managerial Economics class discussion wk9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managerial Economics class discussion wk9 - Essay Example The rate of the change is too fast hence participation of knowledge workers in organization is required intensively. Organizations strive to ensure their retain relevance and remain significant in the fast changing markets. For this reason, knowledge workers and knowledge economy have been mandatory requirements (Reinhardt et.al, 2011). Considering that change, innovation and adaptability are important aspects in the modern century, firms need to address problems that may hinder effective transition. Firstly, the knowledge of the crowd requires harnessing (Reinhardt et.al, 2011). Increasing the quantity of knowledge workers is an important strategy. Firms should then update their innovation requirements. This can be done by understanding the market requirements as demanded by innovation and change. Placing a knowledgeable crowd to work on these changes increases the suitability of the form to adapt to the market changes. In addition, internal approaches to develop ICT infrastructures may increase the suitability of the firm to compete effectively in a technologically advanced market (Reinhardt et.al,

Gender Roles in Manuel Puig's The Kiss of the Spider Woman Essay

Gender Roles in Manuel Puig's The Kiss of the Spider Woman - Essay Example So, the author continues, "En cambio, un homosexual, con fijacin femenina, si, todava, puede defender esa ideologa, porque, como desea ser mujer, pero no puede realizar la experiencia de sea mujer, no puede llegar a desengaarse y sigue el engavio, en el sueiio de que la realizacin de la mujer esta en encontrar un hombre que la va a guiar y que se va a ocupar de ella, lo cual es buscar un padre y no un compaero" (Osario, p. 53). Puig subtly unfolds another aspect of his project: writing about a homosexual. It does not stop surprising us how or why this aspect of his writing has to be grounded with an explanation "beforehand!" That is, by framing the homosexual character of the novel, Molina, first, as "a feminine character who still believed in the existence of a superior man" and, then, as a "homosexual, with feminine fixations," Puig is showing us a certain anxiety regarding homosexuality in his writing. Puig's presentation of Molina is an excuse. It is important to highlight this particular moment in the author's explanation (or excuse) for the homosexual subject because, after presenting such a brilliant feminist reading of the homosocial valorisation of the superior macho, he almost obsessively and uncritically positions the homosexual within the heterosexual matrix as produced by the Oedipal complex--the Freudian "structure" of which he is critical in the footnotes of El beso. How do we reconcile both of the author's positions--on the one hand, his more challenging perspective that informs the construction of masculinity as the fantasy of the homosocial; on the other hand, a reductive and misogynist reading of male homosexuality as a desire to become and appropriate .the "feminine" Moreover, how do we read homosexuality outside the Oedipal complex When we consider the question of sexuality in the text, we must look not simply at writing about homosexual themes or a homosexual character in a "popular" novel, but--and more importantly--the author's own gayness. A consideration of sexual difference as epistemology illuminates our critical reading of a text (Sedgwick, 1991). Along these lines, a reading of El beso de la mujer araa must not only focus on the construction of Molina's sexual identity, the homosexual "with feminine fixations" as a performer of transvestism; but, also, analyze the transvestitic performance of Valentin as a Marxist. This essay will show that ideology--in this case, oppositional revolutionary politics-signals a transvestitic performance; and, that this ideological transvestism necessarily sublimates the homoerotics of any heterosexual male encounter. That is, every male "event" connotes a hidden homosexual embrace. The politics of denying this embrace shamelessly produce the language of sexism and homoph obia. The structure of the El beso de la mujer araa is simple: Valentin, a political prisoner, and Molina share a cell where Molina's retelling of B-movies make the time spent there easier. Before looking at some of the stories told by the prisoners, I would like to evaluate the importance the prison takes as a site of narration. One cannot help thinking of an Arcipreste de Hita or a Cervantes who wrote his masterpiece in/from prison. The architectural design of a prison influences Molina's fantastic story-telling: the close walls must be transcended with complex narratives and performances (Merrim, 1981). If spaces can be labelled "heterosexual," "lesbian," "educational,"

A Report on Hans Binker Essay Example for Free

A Report on Hans Binker Essay In Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates, Mary Mapes Dodge tells the story of Hans Brinker, a fifteen year old boy, and Gretel, his sister. Hans finds himself responsible for his family after his fathers accident. Theres a pretty pair just coming upon the ice! The little ragpickers! Their skates must have been a present from the king direct. this is said of Hans and Gretel by Carl, a rich boy who sees the two go unto the ice with their wooden skates. Here we see how Hans and his family fares compared to the rest of the townspeople: they are one of the poorest families. Their father, Raff Brinker, became invalid after an accident. One day Hans and Gretel learn of a race in which silver skates are to be the prize. Meanwhile, Hans by chance sees Dr. Boekman, a famous old doctor, and convinces the doctor to treat his father. Hans and Gretel eventually obtain steel skates needed to join in the contest, and Gretel wins the silver skates. The doctor manages to treat Raff successfully, and Raff remembers where he hid some â€Å"treasure†, and all goes well in the end. One constant problem is the conflict between Han personal wants and his sense of responsibility and morality. For example, when he finds the purse that contained some money, he must decide whether to keep it or return it; when Hans wants to spend the money on steel skates, while knowing that his family could really use the money; and the dilemma on how he should react to those who humiliate him because of his poverty. The book contains a lot of textbook descriptions, which I think does not work in the its favor, as it is unlikely that a reader will pick a book with the intention of simultaneously reading a good story and â€Å"textbook† material on a countrys history and geography. With all the fiction encountered by modern people today—on television, books, movies—the story of Hans Brinker comes off as somewhat hackneyed, but of course this was probably not the case in the 1860s, when the author wrote the book. I would not say that I actual learned anything from the book. At best, it reminds the reader of the continued existence of the extremely poor even in these modern times. And of course the the book reminds us of the importance of the usual â€Å"goodness of the heart† of of â€Å"advantages† in life that are only superficial and ultimately meaningless.

Societys True Nature Essay Example for Free

Societys True Nature Essay In Franz Kafkas enigmatic novel The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa lives the life of a bug. The traveling salesman awakens one morning to find himself incredulously transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin.† At First, Gregor is apathetic towards his â€Å"metamorphosis† and immediately begins describing his room and slight discomforts in great detail. At the same time, Gregor incessantly comments on unimportant aspects of his – almost dismissing the fact that he is now a cockroach. When his family starts knocking on his door, Gregor immediately begins conjuring scenarios in which he imagines that his family genuinely cares for him. This illusion is soon shattered after the reader is exposed to the true nature of the Samsas. Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes what he is and has always been in society – a cockroach. Through Gregors physical transformation, Kafka communicates that people are oblivious to how alienated they are from society and humanity in its entirety. First off, in The Metamorphosis, readers are immediately exposed to the absurd atmosphere Kafka has created when he describes how â€Å"Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams †¦ [to find] himself transformed into a monstrous vermin† (1). At first glace this statement may sound normal, but after analyzing this and many other statements, it becomes apparent that Kafka has purposely placed the Samsas in an unreal environment. For example, in the sentence previously mentioned, the third-person narrator speaks casually of Gregors metamorphosis as if it were nothing. In his article, Johannes Pfeiffer says that Gregor â€Å"does not truly realize his new position in all its gravity† (55). Gregors inability to acknowledge his transformation might represent people and their apathy towards the more significant things in life. Throughout the story, the narration alternates between first and third person – suggesting that the narrator of the story constantly shifts from Gregor to an unknown entity. However, the baffling narration in The Metamorphosis is no mistake. Through this bizarre style of narration, Kafka brilliantly demonstrates how alienated people can be from themselves – for Gregor is alienated to the point where he must tell his story in a third-person perspective. Moreover, it has been speculated that society manipulates people by having certain ideals. As a result of his father being unemployed and his mother and sister not being able to work, Gregor is left with the burden of holding his family together by reluctantly taking a job as a salesman. The following excerpt describes the Samsas financial situation: In the course of the very first day his father explained the familys financial situation and prospects to both the mother and the sister. From the time he got up from the table to get some kind of receipt or notebook out of the little strongbox he had rescued from the collapse of his business five years before. . . In those days, Gregors sole concern had been to do everything his power to make the family forget as quickly as possible the business disaster which had plunged everyone into a state of despair (25). The excerpt is describing Gregor listening in on his family discuss the financial situation at hand. We learn that the Samsas massive debt is a result of Mr. Samsas failed business. Being the concerned son he has been brainwashed to become, Gregor – with good intention – took a myriad of jobs to appease his family and restore peace in the chaotic household the Samsas inhabit. The significance of this is that it identifies the reality people choose to live in – a reality where people abandon aspirations and conform to the desolate society that surrounds them. Lastly, Gregors transformation itself is ironic. A metamorphosis suggests ascension into a higher form; but in Gregors case, he has devolved into one of the most insignificant form that comes to mind – a cockroach. However, Gregors bug form is simply an illustration. After close analysis, it can be said that Gregors metamorphosis is his inner state surfacing into the physical world. With that said, one can come to the conclusion that Gregor has always been a bug and has been alienated from his family prior to his transformation. The Samsa family loses faith in Gregor recovering (as if they ever had any) and begins discarding remnants of his past. Gregor is addressed as â€Å"it† (Pfeiffer 55) later in the book when his family dehumanizes him. Reading about how Gregor and his family are so alienated from one another that they do not see it is powerful on its own, but seeing Kafkas message and understanding how people live in a world not too different from Gregors is a ha rsh truth that only a handful of people come to realize. All in all, Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes the alienation, which has always (and may always) exist. It is a powerful symbol that reveals how alienated people are from themselves and society in its entirety. After reading Kafkas The Metamorphosis, one cannot help but question whether his own life is real or a deviation that has spawned and thrived in the alienated society man has given birth to.

Limitations in Person Centered Therapy

Limitations in Person Centered Therapy Group counseling Baldev Singh The person-centered counselor must always remember that the client is a guest  within his or her own world of experiences. This first sentence encapsulates  the essence of person centered counseling. The person centered therapy can be used in individual and also in group counseling.The therapy gives strength to client or groups to understand themselves and also gives them the opportunity to solve their own problems and see changes for themselves being valuable and worthy humans. Rogers, C.R. (1959) The aim behind all person centered therapy is that under certain conditions the clients will be helped to find and to exercise more of his or her own personal power with regard to understanding and evaluating his actions in the past and present and in  making decisions for the future. Furthermore, it is expected that this gain  will help client to be more confident to more forward to be exercised by the client in his  future life. If these conditions for his worth are particularly oppressive, inconsistent or ambiguous the roots will be laid for difficulty in adulthood as the clients attempt valiantly but in vain to live up to the conditions. Sometimes the difficulty which the person experiences in adulthood is only indirectly related to the conditions of worth but more to do with the way the young person adjusted his or her living to exist within the constraints of the conditions.The therapy techniques is to focus on client advancement towards self independence and overcoming a ny new presenting issues.These two factors: the conditions of worth and the ways in which the person has adjusted to the conditions of worth are the main ways in which ‘maladjustment’ is understood within the person-centered approach. Bohart, A. (1990) The way a person-centered counselor works will varied considerably according to the extent to which the client’s locus of evaluation is externalised or internalized.The aim of person-centered working is to help the clients to internalise his or her locus of evaluation. Helping another person to internalise his or her locus of evaluation is not achieved by exercising power over them but by creating a relationship in which the clients may take  responsibility for themself. Carl Rogers, the founder of the approach, was in enunciating and evaluating the relationship conditions in which that client empowerment might be optimised. For constructive personality change to occur, it is necessary that these conditions exist and continue over a period of time in which is, the two persons are in psychological contact’ (Rogers,CR 1957: 96).During the session the counselor will identified whether the clients is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. Immediately the counselor should established concrete in congruent or integrated in the relationship building.During the counseling the therapist will experience unconditional  positive regard for the client and showing empathic understanding to the client’s actual root cause that have been the underlaying cause experience to the client’s achievement and unhappiness.The counselor’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is important to build trust and that counselor is actually listening and concern about their problems solving..Currently the most accessible account of these conditions is presented in Kirschenbaum and Henderson (1989: 221) Benefits of the group counseling. In the group therapy the members are expose and learning how one is perceived by others members problem.When in the session the client can experience a sense of belonging and acceptance with others in the group.The members can discovered that he is not the only finding solution to solve his problem but others members are also experiencing difficulties and are searching solution on how to resolve their issues too. Members can get some ideas from others when listening to their suggestion and this can enhance the client’s ability to resolve their problem and the root cause of their life difficulties.In group therapy members can express their ideas and rendered assistance to others members in the group therapy session.The group therapy session gives and built members positive encouragement when seeing the positive successes of others.Group therapy is cost effective for those having financial issue. Bohart, A. (1990) Benefits of the individual counseling. Individual counseling is beneficial for clients having disorders and also for those having serious rough time in their life journey.The counseling session is personalized and the environment is comfortable.The individual can focus on their difficulties and feel secure to exposed their problems to the therapist.In this situation their information are kept confidential by the therapist and they are governed by code of ethics.Even though in individual therapy the cost is more but it is worthy because client can take their time to reveal their difficulties and built up rapport,gain support with counselor working together.The individual acvtively participate and brainstorming with counselor to detect any blindspot to their problem.The environment is quiet and plenty of room to concentrate and the freedom for the client to express their feeling and ideas. In individual counseling the counselor can actively listen, understand and the counselor can list out some recommendations strategies to solve client problems. Bohart, A. (1990) Compare, contrast and reasoning In group counseling sessions the clients will sometime cover up their actual emotion. They will feel frightened and may also feel uncomfortable with the surroundings of others group members. Some client do not feel secure about talking their deep secret with others and rather not telling the truth about their problems. The group therapy is not suitable some individual who are very sensitive about their personal life issues. If this is the problems and the counselor will have a difficult time in resolving their problem.In group therapy the clients do not get one to one attention, there is no privacy and your problems is known to everybody in the group to talk about unlike in individual therapy  client privacy is protected. Coffeng, T. (1996) In individual counseling session you are seated in a comfortable environment with your counselor and there is no one else to listen to their private life problems. The individual will feel secure about talking their deep secret issues in their life and their information is protected by counselor and governed by code of ethics. In individual counseling sessions the counselor will have more time to concentrate with a client rather then in the group session. In individual counseling ,the counselor can have more time to interract and working together with the client. It also gives the client enough time to concentrate rather then in the group therapy with a lot of distortion and the concentration will not be there for some individuals.In individual counseling session the concentration will be better some client who wants privacy on how to resolve their distorted big picture and also solution on how the client can overcome to resolve their problems. Coffeng, T. (1996) Criticisms The limitations in person centered therapy is the based on therapist values and attitues and not skills. Next is the limitated understanding on client’s nonverbal indications and the therapy emphasize too much on the therapist being empathy, understanding and helping the client reflect themselves. The person centered therapy is a historical approach and not all clients actually knows what to achieve. The other limitations are the misunderstanding on the basic concepts and practical applications .The other limitations are some clients are not motivated just by caring and listening for any reform to begin with. (Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley, B. 1986) The group therapy. There are limitations on group therapy. They are not suitable if client is suffering from severe depression, mental illness and suicidal risk.Clients with these condition may not benefit from group counseling session. The group therapy members tend to be noisy, talkativeness and irritability which often becomes too difficult for the therapist to control the situation.There some limitations on the selection for the client suitability before they are allow for group therapy session. The others limitation are the clients problem must be mainly in the same relationship with other people and if not they are to find another group therapy offering the same problem and this is really time consuming and also not suitable with clients who needs urgent counseling for their problem solving. Bozarth, J. (1984) The individual therapy There are limitation on individual therapy.The individual therapy may also unable to help any client who are involve in court cases and infact they should consult a lawyer instead.The individual therapy is suitable for clients depends upon certain situation and needs.The limitation is caused by client personal fear,individual differences,problematic behaviours,anxiety or emotional disturbance and the counselor may refer clients to psycharist for consultation and treatment.Not all client is suitable for individual therapy and the counselor needs to be alert and observance to check on clients limitation for the therapy. Bozarth, J. (1984) To my conclusion the counselor play a important role model in providing the best and must be commited and the ability to remain authentic and truthful with what is really practical to daily human development. Boy, A.V. (1989)

The Most Successful Absolute Monarch in Europe was Louis XIV of France

Of all the absolute rulers in Europe, by far the best example of one, and the most powerful, was Louis XIV of France. Although Louis had some failures, he also had many successes. He controlled France’s money and had many different ways to get, as well as keep his power, and he knew how to delegate jobs to smart, but loyal people. According to the text book, an absolute monarch is a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society (McDougall little, 1045). In more simple terms, it is a ruler who can do just about anything without having to get permission from anyone, or having to worry about the repercussions. This was a trend that started in the 1600’s by European leaders who were rich, and didn’t like to be told what to do. These conflicts arose with the States-General in France, or Parliament in England who had substantial control. The first countries to have absolute rulers were the traditionally strong countries, such as England, Spain, and of course Louis XIV’s France. In order to gain the power he desired as an absolute monarch, Louis used a few key techniques that were very successful. His first and most necessary step to get all control was to take all of the nobles’ power, and make it so they were completely under his control. He first did this by taking the nobles’ positions of power, and either getting rid of them by doing it himself, or giving the jobs to loyal middleclass or some nobles who were completely loyal and under his control. Louis had very simple reasoning for doing this, which was that if the nobles had any power or control, they would have a better chance of overthrowing him, and that since there can only be so much total power, the more they had, the less ... ...s was from a military stand point, which was rare for him. In 1667, Louis attacked a portion of the Netherlands that was owned by the Spanish. This resulted in the gaining of 12 towns, which encouraged Louis to attack the Dutch Netherlands, which did gain him a few wealthy port towns, before ending in disaster. Louis’ last great success was the building of the Palace of Versailles, which as described earlier was a feat never before matched by a ruler. Of all the absolute rulers in European history, Louis XIV of France was the most powerful, and the best example because of his successes, being able to continue his complete control even after failures, his ability to be able to use France’s money in any way he wanted, such as the Place of Versailles, taking away the nobles power, and his ability to delegate impotant jobs to smart yet loyal people.

Essay --

1. A stakeholder is a person or group of people that has an interest or concern in an organization. There are a lot of different things that can affect a stakeholder such as the organizations actions, policies, and even sometimes their objectives. An example of a negative impact on stakeholders would be when an organization has to cut their costs and therefore has to start laying off employees. The stakeholders in this case would be Merck as there decided to try to pour a lot of money into research to develop new medications. Stakeholders are really important because they are ultimately what decide if a company survives or not. A business or organization needs to have stakeholders to be able to submit payments to them monthly to help them succeed. 2. There are a lot of potential costs and benefits of such an investment this is exhibited in this case. Profits that Merck made based on their selling of prescription drugs was not the only thing that they cared about and wasn’t in high priority to them. All that Merck tried to do was have the ability to feel like and think that the medicine that they have is for the people and that the profit comes second. Merck feels like if they remember this then they will have the ability to be able to make profits without even trying. All businesses need to be able to examine the positive and negative effects of all of their products or services. Most of the time business managers are only interested in seeing the bottom line, but in this case they care a lot more about their customers and what they have to offer them. 3. There are many different kinds of corporate social responsibility that all can help a company be successful if they are used correctly. My assessment of the company is that I ... ...potential and willing to give their all to your organization. 7. If I was running an organization or company, being the manager there would be certain ways that I would go about communication the corporate social responsibility to all of my employees. Being able to communicate this effectively with all of your employees allows you to establish a strong corporate culture and also strengthen a lot of the relationships that exist within your organization. The most important goal that all organizations want to be able to achieve is to have the ability to communicate the CSR effectively to help their employees be able to be engaged fully in the company. Some of the ways that I would use to be able to communicate the CSR to my employees and workforce effectively would be as follows: †¢ Social networking sites †¢ Videos †¢ Forums †¢ Websites †¢ Blogs †¢ Meetings †¢ Newsletters Essay -- 1. A stakeholder is a person or group of people that has an interest or concern in an organization. There are a lot of different things that can affect a stakeholder such as the organizations actions, policies, and even sometimes their objectives. An example of a negative impact on stakeholders would be when an organization has to cut their costs and therefore has to start laying off employees. The stakeholders in this case would be Merck as there decided to try to pour a lot of money into research to develop new medications. Stakeholders are really important because they are ultimately what decide if a company survives or not. A business or organization needs to have stakeholders to be able to submit payments to them monthly to help them succeed. 2. There are a lot of potential costs and benefits of such an investment this is exhibited in this case. Profits that Merck made based on their selling of prescription drugs was not the only thing that they cared about and wasn’t in high priority to them. All that Merck tried to do was have the ability to feel like and think that the medicine that they have is for the people and that the profit comes second. Merck feels like if they remember this then they will have the ability to be able to make profits without even trying. All businesses need to be able to examine the positive and negative effects of all of their products or services. Most of the time business managers are only interested in seeing the bottom line, but in this case they care a lot more about their customers and what they have to offer them. 3. There are many different kinds of corporate social responsibility that all can help a company be successful if they are used correctly. My assessment of the company is that I ... ...potential and willing to give their all to your organization. 7. If I was running an organization or company, being the manager there would be certain ways that I would go about communication the corporate social responsibility to all of my employees. Being able to communicate this effectively with all of your employees allows you to establish a strong corporate culture and also strengthen a lot of the relationships that exist within your organization. The most important goal that all organizations want to be able to achieve is to have the ability to communicate the CSR effectively to help their employees be able to be engaged fully in the company. Some of the ways that I would use to be able to communicate the CSR to my employees and workforce effectively would be as follows: †¢ Social networking sites †¢ Videos †¢ Forums †¢ Websites †¢ Blogs †¢ Meetings †¢ Newsletters

The Cardiac Cycle :: Papers

The Cardiac Cycle The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. There are two phases of this cycle: * Diastole - Ventricles are relaxed. * Systole - Ventricles contract. During the diastole phase the atria and ventricles are relaxed and the atrioventricular valves are open. De-oxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava flows into the right atrium. The open atrioventricular valves allow blood to pass through to the ventricles. The SA node contracts triggering the atria to contract. The right atrium empties its contents into the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the right atrium. During the systole phase the right ventricle receives impulses from the Purkinje fibers and contracts. The atrioventricular valves close and the semilunar valves open. The de-oxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the right ventricle. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs. There the blood picks up oxygen and is returned to the left atrium of the heart by the pulmonary veins. In the next diastole period, the semilunar valves close and the atrioventricular valves open. Blood from the pulmonary veins fills the left atrium. (Blood from the vena cava is also filling the right atrium.) The SA node contracts again triggering the atria to contract. The left atrium empties its contents into the left ventricle. The mitral valve prevents the oxygenated blood from flowing back into the left atrium. During the systole phase the atrioventricular valves close and the semilunar valves open. The left ventricle receives impulses from the Purkinje fibers and contracts. Oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta. The aortic valve prevents the oxygenated blood from flowing back into the left ventricle. The aorta branches out to provide oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. The oxygen depleted blood is returned to the heart via the vena cava. Atrial systole Ventricular systole Ventricular Diastole

Challenges for Women in India Essay

In this article, I try to expose the discriminations against Indian women, beginning with the origin of such discrimination in India. Then I discuss the reform movement against these acts of discrimination before describing the current prevalence of discrimination in that country. In India, Women play a very important role in society. Women in India get a prominent role in all walks of life. Now women are shining in every field and are doing as well as men. For example: Mizoram has a higher proportion of women in its population than men. However most of the states in India have fewer women than men in their population. New colleges for women are being opened India all the time. Even male colleges are changing to co-educational faculties. Women are working on night shifts in their employment, just as men do. That is one side of the story. On the other hand, you should look at the other side of these optimistic statements. Mizoram did not have a woman MLA until 2003, and there were just four women candidates in the last electoral ballot. St Joseph’s College in Bangalore is being accused of a gender bias in its admission policy after the college raised the cut-off percentage marks for girls to qualify for a course. The Government introduced an AIDS-awareness campaign for the telemarketing and call center industry. Since these workers are working at night they are easily discriminated against by men. While women are guaranteed equality under the constitution, legal protection has little effect in this society. Legal loopholes are used to discriminate against women in India. Now let me explain when such discrimination against women began in India. Firstly, let us examine the status of women in ancient and medieval India. Status of Women in Ancient India: In this period, women also had equal status to men. Women were educated just as men were. Hindu religious books like the Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, and Mahabharata mention the names of many women who were great scholars, poets  and philosophers of the time. Here I would like to mention some of the women achievers in ancient India.  · Leelavati, who, in 6,000 BC, established mathematical lore in India, leading eventually to formulation of the decimal system in later centuries.  · Dhanawantri, who along with her husband Sage Dhanawantar, was the foremost physician in 5,000 BC, and established a comprehensive system of medicine and surgery.  · Devi Leilama, who was the first to establish Guilds in India, and was the Chief of the Clan in 5,333 BC  · Mailalladevi, a senior queen of Someshwara-I ruled the important province of Banavasi comprising 12,000 villages.  · Jakkiabbe ably administered seventy villages after the premature death of her husband.  · Piriyaketaladevi, a queen of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI, ruled three villages. Such examples go some way to demonstrate the high status and image of women in ancient India. If there was discrimination in these periods, it was perhaps against men; for instance, men were to retire as hermits at the age of 60, while a woman was free from such disability. Most of the discrimination against women came during the grim centuries of the Muslim rule. During the Muslim period of history, women were deprived of their rights of equality with men. They were compelled to keep themselves within the four walls of their houses with a long veil on their faces. Even today in some Islamic countries women are not allowed to go out freely, whilst in India the Muslim women are far more backward than their Hindu, Christian and Sikh counterparts. Now let me mention how the discriminations such as child marriage, Sati and Dowry were started in India. [BB] FEATURED ARTICLE: Shaken, not Stirred Sati : This is the practice of widows killing themselves by jumping into the funeral pyre of their dead husbands. There is not even one scriptural statement in thousands of Hindu scriptures concerning Sati. On the contrary, according to the funeral hymns in RIGVEDA, there is a ceremony of a widow sleeping next to the corpse of the dead husband and then being allowed to marry anyone she pleases. Sati has its roots in Greece. The practice of Sati came to India through the tribe known as KUSHANS in 1 A.D. RAJPUTS, who were a warrior tribe descending from KUSHANS, and who were very fanatical Hindus with an extremely monogamous culture were among the first to practise Sati. Dowry: Dowry refers to a marriage practice in Hindu society where gifts of cash or other valuable items are exchanged between the families of the bride and groom. Although its ancient meaning was to show respect, dowry has taken on a harmful form and meaning in recent times. Rape : In Ancient India, women were treated well. There were no incidents of rape in ancient India. It all came after the influence of Muslims. Here I want to mention a famous war, which was known as the â€Å"Third Battle of Panipat†, in which historical accounts estimate that more than 10,000 women were raped. Many were alleged to have committed suicide because of constant rapes perpetrated on them, whilst all of them were exchanged or sold as sex slaves to Afghanistan. Likewise, every discrimination against women has its own story. Status of women at the time of Independence Discriminatory practices started in medieval times continued during this time. The reason why I have chosen this independence period is that it was only during this period that the status of women changed drastically because of Gandhi’s work. Reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule and Savitri Bai Phule played a pivotal role in addressing the issues such as sati, child marriage, widow remarriage, and women education. However, it was only under the enlightened leadership of Mahatma Gandhi that women re-asserted their equality with men. In response to the call of Gandhi, women discarded their veil and came out of the four walls of their houses to fight the battle of freedom shoulder – to shoulder with their brothers. He called upon the young to marry the widows and also to boycott child marriages. In Gandhi’s salt march, hundreds of women joined and eventually the salt protest was made successful by the many women who not only made salt, but also sat openly in marketplaces selling, and indeed, buying it. Gandhi never had a specific program for women, but women had an integral role to play in all his programs. In 1920, the All India Women’s Conference was set up, which was involved in the struggle for independence and addressed issues of women education and the right to vote. In this time, many women’s groups were formed, and they took up issues ranging from rape and sexual assault, domestic violence, impact of health policies, hazardous contraceptive technologies, impact of structural adjustment policies, rise of right wing politics, sexuality and many other issues. One of the first issues to receive countrywide attention from women’s groups was violence against women, such as rape and dowry. Most protests were directed at the State. Because women were able to mobilise support, the State responded, seemingly positively, by changing the law on rape and dowry, making both more stringent. This seemed, at the time, like a great victory. These women’s groups fought for the creation of new women-sensitive laws or amendments to existing laws. Due to the pressure of such groups the following changes took place: In 1950, Women in India received the right to vote. India was one of the first countries in the world to give women the right to vote. In 1983 an amendment was made to laws pertaining to rape. Among the provisions was a minimum of seven years’ imprisonment for this crime. For Sati, in 1988 the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act was passed. It clearly states that burning or burying alive of widows is revolting to the feelings of human nature and is not enjoined in the religion. For domestic violence, a legal provision was introduced under Section 498 of the criminal code. Under this provision violence inflicted on a woman by her husband or his family was declared a non-bailable, non-cognizable offence. The Dowry Prohibition Act was introduced in 1961 and was amended in the 1980’s partly in response to the demands of the women’s movement. One significant amendment stated that an official inquiry would be conducted if the wife died within seven years of marriage. If found guilty of dowry harassment the husband (and co-accused) faced seven years in jail as well as fines. Some of the other important decisions taken were those surrounding stree dhan (the gifts given to the bride by her parents, husband and in-laws). Similarly, many laws are being changed even now for the betterment of women.X-TREME: Do you know about escapology? [BB] Status of Women in 2005 At the time of Independence, only 2% of the women had any kind of education and women did not have an identity of their own. Women could not go out of the house unless accompanied by men and their face was covered with cloth. But today, women are getting education equal to men and are even working on night shifts. Indian women have their identity at the international level. I would like to mention some of the Indian women at the  international level. Sonia Gandhi – named the third most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine, next to Condoleezza Rice and Wu Yi. Arundhanti Roy – First Indian citizen to win the prestigious Booker prize. She was also one of People Magazine’s â€Å"50 Most Beautiful People in the World 1998†. Deb Agarwal, a top scientist at a national laboratory and Radha Ramaswami Basu, a high-tech entrepreneur, are the two Indian women among the top 25 women on Web award winners for this year. Aishwarya Rai – Miss world 1994. Kalpana Chawla – NASA Astronaut – Died on February 1, 2003 over the southern United States when Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew perished during entry, 16 minutes prior to scheduled landing. Now women are proving themselves in every field. However I could not say that discrimination has been eliminated completely from Indian society. Some types of discrimination have been reduced in recent times and have also taken other forms such as: Mistreatment : Women are mistreated at the workplace. They are facing work harassment. Under- Represented : They are under-represented in governance and decision-making positions. At present, women occupy fewer than 8% of Parliamentary seats, fewer than 6% of Cabinet positions, fewer than 4% of positions on the benches of the High Courts and Supreme Court. Fewer than 3% of administrators and managers are women. Molested : Police records show that a woman is molested in the country every 26 minutes. A rape occurs every 34 minutes. Every 42 minutes, an incident of  sexual harassment takes place. Every 43 minutes, a woman is kidnapped. Every 93 minutes, a woman is killed. The women’s groups in India today are vibrant, and are linked together through networks on different issues and campaigns. But they are moving without a good leadership like Gandhi’s. Moreover some groups are raising their own finances for their publicity and activities. Furthermore, violence against women has proved to be an effective weapon for the political parties to silence their adversaries. For an opposition party, it became a law and order issue which could be used to denigrate the ruling party. As I mentioned at the start of this article, legal loopholes are used to discriminate against women in India. Before closing this article, I wish to emphasise two things. Firstly, women’s groups should pressure the government to change the existing loopholes in laws. Secondly, such changes should be done by the lawmakers for their intrinsic benefit and not for any political purposes. Once the laws are changed, we will hopefully see some drastical changes.

Environmental History Essay

During the last ice age, around 13,500 years ago, a number of people from other continents came to North America to find food. They have been able to walk across the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia and Alaska. This was likely possible because during that period the sea level were lower that it is today. The melting of the glaciers has cleared some passage for the Alaskan to spread and colonize areas throughout South America within the period of 1,000 years. In their conquest, these people had a major impact on the ecology and wildlife to which they have been destined. Studies on the archeological findings stated that prior to the coming of the early North Americans, the lands were covered with lush vegetation and large species of mammals and birds. The herbivores even included 3 species of elephants such as the woolly elephants, the giant mammoths and the mastodons. Such animals which are common were giant animals like bison, ground sloths, armadillos, beaver and tortoises. Giant predators also are preying on different herbivores. Such predators were the cheetahs, saber-toothed tigers, lions and giant wolves. Most of these large predators have migrated from the boreal forests of Canada to live in the forest of North America. Animal remains of these unimaginable sizes and power of these animals have been found but where and why these species have vanished is a questionable issue. Tim Flannery’s book The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples concluded that during the coming of the early North Americans there was what he call the â€Å"Pleistocene Overkill†. He hypothesized that during the colonization of humans and reaching far across the continents, they almost wiped out large herbivores through hunting. Large animals were more noticeable thus making them prime targets. Their low reproductive rates cannot compensate for the losses because of frequent hunting. When these animals became extinct, their predators became extinct as well. The extinction of the predators made an impact in the extinction of large scavenger birds. Only animals which can prey on and frequent the oceans did not suffer high extinction rates during this time. (Moyle & Orland, 2004). There are also evidences that the early North American people has manipulated their surroundings and that they have modified their environment as based on observation of settlers from Europe. The settlers have documented that Indians shaped their environment through the use of fire especially during the late summer to minimize the valley’s underbrush and reduce the number of trees. This is to facilitate hunting and do their gathering. While the American Indians are moving across seasonally while using fire for easy game hunting, the European settlers made themselves fences and farmhouses as well and bringing with them domesticated animals and crops. The Europeans however, have influenced some of the Indians to properly control or stop the use of fire and introduced to them the proper use of land use and establishing properties and boundaries for their domain (Northwest, 1998). Eyewitness accounts from the early European explorers, trappers, soldiers and missionaries affirmed that prior to their settlement the wilderness were not pristine but rather the product of remains of thousands of years of usage and management by Native Americans. The Native Americans’ management also has consequences on their ecosystems and one example is the extinction of most large mammal species in North America between 10,800 and 10,000 years ago. This is probably the result of hunting practices of Paleo-Indians as previously mentioned and with the effect of rapid environmental changes. Once again the setting of fires for hunting, land clearance, warfare and signaling as well as forest fires contributed to the degradation of forest and ecology in the pre-modern American era (Bonnicksen, 2000). Based from The Ecological Indian: Myth and History by Shepard Krech III, the Paleo-Indians had a great role in the extinction of animal species in North America. Krech believe that Paleo-Indians played great role in the Pleistocene extinctions about 11,000 years ago when many indigenous animal species in North America vanished. Severe climate changes however were also contributory to the extinctions of such animals. Krech uphold that there was actually human intervention in the exploitation and extinction of animals in that period because of two important evidence. Such were the findings of Paleo-Indian artifacts with the remains of extinct animals and the fact that there was already the extinction of animals before the arrival of European settlers in North America. Notably, the use of fire by the North American Indians was widespread as an important method for their subsistence. Fire is also used for communication, aggression and travel. Notably, vast tracts of forest lands were burned so that animals may move out and go to a place where they could be easily hunted. These aboriginals thus destroyed the habitats of elk, deer, buffaloes, wolves and beaver thus killing them for their meat and fur (Orton, 1999). At the time of the arrival of the Europeans, many Indians were already farmers. Farmers in the East and Southwest were raising corns, beans, pumpkins and squash which are necessary for their subsistence because five thousand years ago, agriculture was already a practice in America. By 1500, millions of acres of were already cleared and planted crops by the indigenous people. Furthermore, there was a constant set of fire to more hundreds of millions of acres to improve game habitat, clearance for travel, reduce insect pests and to enhance conditions to grow berries. Vast areas of forest landscape in the West and East and park-like open spaces are usually smoking with low-intensity fires. Even in New England, Indians burn their woods twice in a year. The frequent burning of forest has created wide open grasslands which were formerly forests. Such indication of human disturbances and alteration in the ecological system were the proliferation of game animals such as the wild turkeys, white-tailed deer, ruffled grouse and other species commonly live only on forest edges and openings. By the end of the early 1600s, bison were roaming the prairies in the south and reached as far as Far East (Maccleery, 1999). The migration of early European settlers to North America, however, has introduced the barter and trade practices with the Native Americans. One of the most earliest and important industries in that period was the fur trade. The fur trade industry has played a great factor in the development of America and Canada for more than three centuries. The trade began in the 1500’s as an exchange of goods between Indians and Europeans and other tools and weapons as well. The Beaver fur was the most valuable of all the furs being traded. The earliest traders of furs in North America were the French explorers and fishermen who came to a place which is now Eastern Canada. With the scarcity of fur-bearing animals particularly the beavers, North Americans and Eskimos set traps as far as Canada. British and French empires were set in America because of fur trade in the early 1600’s. The prospect of wealth with this venture has brought Europeans to the New World thus the establishment of many trading posts in the wilderness. As settlements grew, states were established and later became such major cities as Detroit, New Orleans, and St. Louis. While in Canada, Edmonton, Montreal, Quebec and Winnipeg were also established. Because of its promising wealth venture, the fur trade has created a conflict between France and Great Britain in the American land. There were rivalries over trading and alliances between Indian tribes and other traders. Hostilities however, were shown by other Indians toward white settlers because the settlers prevented the Indians from clearing the forest with burning thus preventing the production of fur-bearing animals. With such disproportionate conflict, border between the United States and Canada were formed. But in the 1700’s, the fur trade started to decline in the Eastern United States as a result from the clearing of large tracts of lands for settlement. As the clearings grew wider, fur-bearing animals increasingly became scarce as well which hurt the trade in the Western America and Western Canada. Silk was found to be an alternative for clothing and accessories when fur-trading was stopped by 1870’s (Stuart, 2007). In conclusion to this, as stated by Shephard Krech III on his Reflections on Conservation, Sustainability, and Environmentalism in Indigenous North America, he has his own debate if really the old North Americans are environmentalists, ecologists or conservationist. As he has mentioned other facts rather than being in assuring, enough evidence must be drawn to come up with more solid proof that indeed they were. However, there is more information and evidence that showed generally, they have not been properly treated their environment in the proper perspective because what they all need in that period was to survive in the midst of a dark and forested land. The American Indians of today, however, are one of the most visible groups in rallying for the preservation of their land, their domain and their culture as well.

John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism Essay

John Stuart Mill published Utilitarianism in 1861 in installments in Fraser’s Magezine it was later brought out in book form in 1863. The book offers a candidate for a first principle of morality, a principle that provides us with a criterion distinquishing right and wrong. The unilitarian candidate is the principle of utility, which holds that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happpiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure.† One version of cecular utilitarianism was represented by William Godwin the husband of Mary Wollstonecraft and father of Mary Shelley, who achieved great notoriety with the publication of hil Political Justice of 1793. Godwin’s use of the principle of utility for the cause of radical political and social critique began the identification of utilitarianism with anti-religiosity and with dangerous democratic values. The second version of secular utilitarianism, and the one that inspired Mill, arose from the work of Jeremy Bentham. Benthan, who was much more successful than Godwin at building a movement around his ideas, employed the principle of utility as a device of political, social, and legal criticism. Bentham’s interest in the principle of utility did not arise from concern about ethical theory as much as from concern about lefislative and legal reform. Though Bentham and Godwin intended it to have this function in the late eighteenth century, utilitarianism became influential only when tied with the political machinery of the Radical party, which had particular prominence on the English scene in the 1830’s.

Assignment 2 for General Linguistics Essay

I. Chapter 6: SEMANTICS: The study of meaning and denotation EXERCISE 8 (page 224) a. A second is part of a minute A minute is part of an hour An hour is part of a day * A second is a part of an hour, and it is also a part of a day. It is a transitive relation because a minute, an hour and a day express the same thing which is Time. b. The toenail is part of the toe The toe is part of the foot. The foot is part of the leg * The toenail is part of the leg. It is also a transitive relation because leg, foot, toe and even toenail are parts of body. c. Henry’s toe is part of Henry Henry is part of the 23rd Battalion But Henry’s toe is not part of the 23rd Battalion. * It is not a transitive relation because Henry’s toe is only a part of his body, it cannot represent as Henry as the whole. II. Chapter 9: PRAGMATICS: The study of language use and communication EXERCISE 7 (page 250) The sentence I promise I will call the police if you don’t quiet down is not literally and directly used to promise nor warn. According to the theories of Bach and Harnish 1979, Recanati 1987, this sentence is not directly used to promise but rather are directly used to do what declarative sentences normally do – declare or state. It is only indirectly used to promise and warn. The sentence I promise I will call the police if you don’t quiet down is used directly to state or declare that the speaker is promising, and indirectly it is used to promise that the speaker will call the police if someone doesn’t quiet down and warn that the speaker will call the police if someone doesn’t quiet down. In my opinion, this sentence tends to be used as a warn more than a promise. EXERCISE 10 (page 10) a. A rolling stone gathers no moss Meaning: This proverb refers to a person who does not settle down is not attached to anything or anyone. If a person never stays in one place, he or she never â€Å"gathers† or gets attached to things or people. Moss grows on stones which have been on the ground for many years, so a stone which rolls cannot grow moss. The saying is † A rolling stone gathers no moss. † It means if you keep moving and learning that you don’t just sit there becoming a couch potato. It is true a rolling stone gathers no moss but only overtime. At the begging of the rock rolling then it will gather moss, but overtime it will lose all the moss it has gained. The term ‘rolling stone’ commonly refers to a person who is frequently changing his work or profession. Just as a stone that is continually rolling doesn’t gather any moss on it, similarly a person who is constantly changing his occupation doesn’t succeed in any achievement. Acquisition of wealth or learning or experience requires time and steady prolonged application of energy to some tasks. On the other hand one who is constantly chopping and changing will never become wealthy or learned or experienced. He will merely be dissipating his energies and will get nowhere. The popular fable of the farmer who dug many shallow wells in his farm in search of water is a fine illustration. Had he dug deep at one place, he would have definitely found water. By being ‘a rolling stone’ few people accomplish their goals. In today’s world of breakneck competition, migratory birds stand absolutely no chance. It is by working at a place, putting in constant labour that one earns a reputation and recognition. The intended message: This adverb can be understood as an advice to people â€Å" You should worl single-mindedly at one work. You shouln’t change your work so frequently†. b. Look before you leap Meaning: This proverb simply means that you must think before you act. Before you do something (or â€Å"leap† into something) you must consider the consequences (or â€Å"look†) of your actions. The intented message: â€Å"Be careful! † c. A stitch in time saves nine. Meaning: This proverb tells that timely effort will prevent more work later. A little preventative maintenance can eliminate the need for repairs later. This proverb warns us against neglecting small faults or imperfections which may lead to further damage or increased problems later. â€Å"A stitch in time saves nine† advises us to realize the value of time management and that small things do make a big difference. We should all learn that it is best to work diligently, consciensciously, and carefully while using our time wisely and efficiently. The intended message: â€Å"Do it now, don’t wait till it’s too late†

Behaviour Therapy for Child Sleep Disorder

Behaviour Therapy for Child Sleep Disorder Aims: Outlines the nature of behavioural aspects of children’s sleep and how these might be addressed by behaviour therapy. Clinical considerations concerned with the use of behavioural therapy are also highlighted. Consider behavioural aspects (ie, learned behaviours) and their relevance for our understanding of children’s sleep patterns and management of their sleep disorders. Increase awareness of how behavioural factors may play a role in the development and treatment of wide-ranging paediatric sleep disorders and to discuss clinical considerations relevant to management planning and decisions about whether to refer a child for specialist behavioural therapy. Classification: International Classification of Sleep Disorders of ‘‘behavioural insomnia of childhood’’:Â  (present with difficulty settling to sleep, nightwaking and/or early waking difficulties) Overall prevalence rates of 30% ‘‘inappropriate sleep onset asso ciations’’ (ie, where the child has not learnt to fall asleep without a set of problematic or demanding conditions such as parents’ being present), ‘ ‘limit-setting sleep disorder’’ (ie where the care giver demonstrates insufficient or inappropriate limit-setting to establish appropriate sleep behaviour in the child) ‘‘combined’’subtype where these two problems co-exist. 25–50% of 6–12-month olds have difficulty settling to sleep or waking in the night do not decrease with age: by age 3 years, 25–30% have sleeplessness problems With similar percentages reported for the 3–5-year age group, 43% of 8–10-year olds 23% of 10– 17-year olds. These problems are not transient; an epidemiological study of a cohort of 5-year olds suggested that sleeping problems at age 5 years were significantly associated with sleeping difficulties at age 6 months (or before) and that children with sleep problems at age 5 years were more likely to have sleeping problems at 10 years. Over 80 sleep disorders listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, which are divided into six main categories: insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnia of central origin, circadian rhythm disorders (ex. Delayed sleep phase syndrome) parasomnias (ex. Sleep terrors, nightmares) Helped by beh therapy. sleep-related movement disorder (ex. nocturnal headbanging) (in preliminary reports) Behavioural Interventions: Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus, which evokes the desired behavioural response until, after multiple pairings, the neutral stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the desired behaviour; thus behaviours are conditioned to be elicited by antecedent conditions. Operant conditioning involves the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behaviour. The particular intervention strategy used will vary depending on family and child factors and the nature of the sleep disturbance one hopes to address. General Principles: (The more consistently these principles are applied, the easier it will be for the child to learn) Behaviour can be encouraged by linking it with an antecedent stimulus, which serves to trigger the desired behaviour. Reinforcement- Behaviour is likely to recur if the consequences of the behaviour were reinforcing for the child. (Can be pos or neg) Extinction, or removing reinforcement (eg, drinks, parental presence, attention) maintaining the undesired behaviour (eg, crying, refusal to settle to sleep without the above) can be achieved gradually or abruptly. Shaping- A new behaviour can be encouraged by rewarding a series of responses that more and more closely resemble the desired behaviour. Punishment- Behaviour is less likely to occur if followed by a punishing consequence. (Can be pos or neg) Rewards Success

HRM strategy and implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

HRM strategy and implementation - Essay Example zation to lay more focus on its core activities hence increasing the output and ensuring that the business has a greater competitive advantage (Campbell 606). In some cases, focus is put on the possible impact of future sets of promotional tactics. Marketing oriented models are often used to optimise promotional strategies of an organization with respect to sales revenue or profit margins. Techniques used for this purpose were developed by econometricians and were first applied to consumer goods that were specifically being packaged. A good market model would entail a detailed mathematical representation of the actual interactions among the different market forces. These various participants include economic forces and the different choices that are made at various levels of doing business within an organization. Different market models attempt to explain or predict the behaviour of various aspects of a market. For instance, for security markets, one model would attempt to express how the return on a certain product portfolio can be maximized. A marketing model is a central component of the general marketing discipline. Information technology has indeed ensured a rapid change in the way businesses carry out their marketing (Chesbrough, et al. 2000). More customers can now be reached within a short time by use of reliable technologies that are very cost effective. Human resource refers to people-power within an organization. People within an organization are normally charged with the responsibility of ensuring that machines and other resources are put into good use. Resources such as computer systems only help to facilitate the work done by the human resource (Kelly 2003). People with various skills and academic credentials ensure that various duties are carried out in an organizational setup. The term human resource therefore refers to the way in which people are managed by organizations. Human resource is the most complex and difficult category of resources to

Final Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Marketing Plan - Essay Example management strategy, the company will move forth by promising its customers to provide secured services without hampering their assets or interests to welfare. The services provided by the company will therefore be entirely environment friendly. The products and the devices used by the company will also take due care of the customers’ needs, which often remain unaddressed. The company will also provide extreme care and privacy security to their clients during servicing, which is quite likely to increase customer satisfaction ultimately. At the initial stage, the company will mainly target the commercial market as its future customers. As per estimations, there are approximately 30,000 small and large businesses, comprising the group of targeted customers of the company. The company is expected to have a huge growth in its business process by targeting those customers, as it will also ensure limited competitive effects on the same. It has been expected that small offices are the potential customers of the company, which will help the company to achieve growth in the short-run. This targeting strategy of the company to attract the big business organization and sophisticated customers, will be a great opportunity for the company to expand (Iyer & et. al, 2005). The segmentation strategy of the company emphasizes targeting the customers in geographical basis. Contextually, the company has decided to increase its business by targeting the local or the regional customers and commercial customers (Jenkins & McDonald, n.d.). â€Å"Get It Done Office Pro’s† will be a cleaning service provider company. The uniqueness in the company’s services is to provide security during the office cleaning process and provide high-level security to maintain privacy to all its clients and their assets. All the employees of the company will belong from a decent background, which will ensure a better working environment not only for the employees but also for the customers after

Short answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short answer - Assignment Example very important to study cultural variations in the prevalent pressures of globalization and how the changing dynamics of the world are impacting culture. I have a Chinese friend, whose mother scolds him frequently and he listens quietly, that lies in contrast with the way I am and I feel it is the cultural difference between the two of us that makes him revere elders comparatively more. Generalized reciprocity refers to giving something such as a gift to someone without expecting a gift in return. Balanced reciprocity on the other hand refers to giving someone a gift while having the expectation of a return gift which may not necessarily be of the same value. While the first two forms of reciprocity have relationship building as a goal, negative reciprocity is largely motivated by self-interest. It refers to exchange of things with the expectation of gaining personally by the exchange (Uhl-Bien & Maslyn, 2003). Since anthropology deals with studying human interactions, studying reciprocity becomes an imperative. When I was a child I used to give my friends gifts on their birthdays with the expectation of getting return gifts on my birthday, which can be an example of balanced reciprocity. Over the years the family structures have evolved from extended to nuclear families, particularly in the Asian countries. In an extended family system property and income is joint in a family comprising of brothers, sisters, parents who may choose to live together under a roof or separately. In the nuclear family structure a man lives alone with his wife and children with no shared income and property with the rest of his family (Bahadur & Dhawan, 2008). Since the study of anthropology entails studying the changing social and cultural landscape, thus studying the family structures is but a part of anthropology. My Chinese friend told me that in China there exists an extended family system where all members of a family live together which seems so different than how families in